சோமி சுத்தி

ஒல்லாதமனாயி இர பேடா !

ஒல்லாததுன மாட பேடா !!

ஒல்லாத ஆசே பீய பேடா !!!

நங்கவ கெடிசுவது மேலே ஹேகிவே மூருத்த

ஒல்லாதமனாயி இர பேடா - நங்க ஹாடுவ மாத்து நங்க கீவ கெலச நங்க இப்ப எடே இவெகொத்த நங்க எத்தே இத்துண்டு இத்தோ எம்பதுன தோரிசிர. ஒள்ளியமனாயி இப்பது எந்தலே நங்க எந்து ஒள்ளிய மாத்தவே ஆடுவவக்கராயி இப்பது. ஒள்ளிய கெல்சவத்த நங்க கீவது. நா கீவ கெல்சத்த ஒள்ளியது எந்து நெனச கூடாது.

ஒல்லாததுன மாட பேடா - ஒல்லாத நெனப்பு ஒள்ளூந்த நங்க ஹிருதய ஹியோகோசுந்த ஹுட்டார. அத்தெ ஹுட்டாப்ப நெனெப்புத்த நங்கவ ஒல்லாததுன மாடுவதுக நங்கவ தூண்டிர. அத்தவ நெனெப்பு எல்லாக நங்க எடே கொட்டே எந்தலே அது நங்கவ ஒள்ளிது மாடுவதுக புடுவதில்லே.

ஒல்லாத ஆசே பீய பேடா- ஏனவ நோடிலேயு ஆசே படுவது ஒள்ளித்து இல்லே. அதுனூ எதுக ஆசே பட கூடாதோ, அதுனே மேலேத்த ஜாஸ்த்தி ஆசே பட்டனவே. ஹண ஆசே, சொத்துபத்து மேலே ஆசே, ஹெண்ணாசே, மண்ணாசே இதெல்லா நங்கவ கெடிசி புட்டர.

தேவரு நங்கக தன்ன வாக்கு தந்தினே. தேவரு ஹேகித மாத்து எல்லாவ நங்க ஹுனசி, அது மாக்கே நங்க நடவனெக சோமி நங்கவ ஒள்ளிய பதுக்குன ஹரசணெயோகே நங்கவ துமபிசி ஹரசணெ தன்னன.          

ஹரசணே

நின்ன நா நடசி பந்த கடதோத காலவ நெனசி நோடு.

நின்ன தலைமுறெ தலைமுறெய வருச பூராவ நெனசி நோடு.

நின்ன மனெயொகெ சமாதானவ மாடி, நின்ன மனசு தும்புவனெங்கெ மாடினே

நீ ஒள்ளெங்கெ இப்ப ஹரசணெ நினக தந்து மனார சத்தியவவு சமாதானவவு நினக நா தோரிசெனே.

சாவுன கத்தலேந்த  நினக பீசலு தந்து,  சமாதானத தாரிய நினக நா தோரிசினே.

நினக பேக்காததுன நா உனெசி, நினக ஒல்லாதது பராதெங்கெ காத்து, ஒள்ளித்து பப்ப  காலவவு, நம்பிக்கையவூ நினக நா தன்னனெ.

  இயேசு சோமிய கிருபை

ஆ கிருபைத்தா நங்கவ நோடித்து

ஆ கிருபைத்தா நங்கவ கொரிசித்து

ஆ கிருபைத்தா நங்கவ பாப்பவ மன்னிசித்து

ஆ கிருபைத்தா நங்கவ ரட்சிப்பு தந்துத்து

ஆ கிருபைத்தா நங்கவ ஒள்ளியம மாடித்து.

இயேசு சோமிய நெத்தரு நங்க பாப்பவ தோகி சுத்த மாடித்து

ஆ விசுவாச நோகெ நங்க பதிக்கினோ

ஆ விசுவாச நோகெ நடதனோ

ஆ விசுவாச நோகெ ஹரக்கெ மாடினோ

ஆ விசுவாச நோகெ ஹோராட்ட மாடினோ

ஆ விசுவாச நோகெ கெலிசினோ

ஆ விசுவாச நோகெ சத்தனோ!

ஒல்லாத நெனப்பு, நடப்பு, பதுக்கு, எல்லாவு பாப்பக சேதர,

விசுவாசனோகெ பராதது எல்லாவு பாப்பத்த,

அனீதி, அக்கிரம, மீறுதலு எல்லாவு பாப்பத்த,

ஓள்ளித்து மாடுவதுன அருதுண்டு மாடாதெ இப்பது  பாப்பவே

 எல்லிவீ.……….. கட்டிவீ.........

கூடிவீ………….. ஒந்தாகிவீ.....

தன்ன எசரு மேலெ விசுவாச பீத்து  தன்னவ சோமியா எத்திதவக்க தாரவோ, அவக்கெல்லாவ தன்ன மக்க மாடித.

INTRODUCTION

The Land of Israel is the birthplace of the Jewish people, whose origins go back nearly 4,000 years. Here, the cultural, religious and national identity of that people was formed and crystallized. Here is proclaimed the universal message of the brotherhood of man and of world peace. In this Land, the people of

THE BIBLICAL PERIOD

1.The Patriarchs (Middle Bronze Age, c. 17^th C. BCE)

The origins of the people go back nearly 4,000 years. The Book of Genesis tells of the ancestors of the Israelites, the Patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, who were called Israel after wrestling with an angel of God. Most scholars date Abrahams migration from Ur of the Chaldees to the Promised Land in the first half of the second millennium BCE.

Documents unearthed in Mesopotamia , which speak of Habiru or Apiru, depict western Semitic tribes wandering through the hill country and the Negev , avoiding populous centers and Egyptian garrisons. This is very similar to the description in Genesis of the trek of the Patriarchs through Shechem, Beth-El, Hebron and Beersheba with their herds and flocks. All three Patriarchs were buried in Hebron with the Matriarchs (except of Rachel, who was laid to rest at Bethlehem ).

The traditional Patriarchal tomb in the Cave of Machpelah is a place of devout pilgrimage; according to Genesis, Abraham bought the cave. Genesis tells of the emergence of the first enduring faith to preach the idea of only one Supreme Being. The Patriarchs make a covenant with the One God and are to inherit the Promised Land. Jacob and his sons become the forefathers of the 12 tribes-the Children of Israel.

2.The Exodus (c. 13^th century BCE)

The Exodus led by Moses, has left an indelible imprint on the national memory. In the desert, the Hebrews were miraculously preserved from their enemies, blessed with the Divine revelation of the Ten Commandments, welded into a nation and taught a unique monotheism. Century after century, Jews celebrate Pesach (Passover), Shavuot (Pentecost) and Succoth (Tabernacle), re-enacting events of that proud period.

3.Settlement (14^th 13^th centuries BCE)

Scholars are not sure when Joshua, Moses Successor, conquered the Promised Land of Canaan. Biblical references indicate a slow succession of occupations on both sides of the Jordan into the 13^th century. By and large, archaeology confirms the biblical version: the Israelites failed to overrun the whole country, and some territory remained in the hands of the Canaanites. The roaming shepherds settled the land and became farmers and craftsmen. The ancient system of tribal leadership began to change as the people made permanent homes. When danger threatened the community, a judge was chosen to command. He was believed to be with Divine favour, and possessed political and military skills that inspired the peoples trust.

4.The Monarchy

(a) The First King (c. 1020-1004 BCE)

When the Land was invaded by Hellenic Philistines (Homers Pelasgians, perhaps) the first king, Saul (c. 1020-1004), was chosen by the prophet Samuel for his military skill. Though he did not wipe out the threat, Saul succeeded in breaking the hold of the Philistines on the mountain areas and driving them back to Philistia on the coast. In one battle, David, a young warrior shepherd from Bethlehem challenged and defeated Goliath, the Philistines most awesome soldier, man-to-man.

(b) The United Kingdom (c. 1004-928 BCE)

David (c. 1004-960)- national hero and poet, believed to be the author of the Book of Psalms-established a dynasty which lasted 400 years, until the Babylonian conquest. He unified the southern and northern tribes, made Jerusalem in his capital and, by conquering the Philistines, unified the territories held by the various tribes. His thrust to make the Israelites a major regional force was no doubt speeded by the decline of imperial Egypt and Mesopotamia.

Davids son, Solomon (c.970-930), inherited an empire extending from the Euphrates to Egypt , a strong central government and peace. A great legislator, Solomons wisdom became a legend in many lands. He is believed to have written the Book of Proverbs. He built the First Temple and royal palaces in Jerusalem . He made Israel a great trading nation. Literature flourished under his royal patronage.

C. The Division (c. 930-587 BCE)

After Solomons death, the kingdom was divided: one part was held by the 10northern tribes, first ruled by Jeroboam as the Kingdom of Israel, with Shechem, then Tirzah and finally Samaria as its capital. The other part was Judah in the south, ruled by Solomons son Rehoboam, with Jerusalem as its capital.

The Kingdom of Israel lasted from 930 to 722 under 20 kings; the Assyrian monarch Sargon II, who carried the tribes off into exile and obscurity, finally destroyed it. The Kingdom of Judah (Judea ) survived 21 kings of the lineage of David. But in 578, the Babylonians destroyed Judah and the Temple; the majority of the Jewish population was taken captive and deported to Babylon.

There began the Babylonian exile.The prophets have left powerful commentaries on the morality of the period. Although they took a hand in politics, either as advisers to kings or their critics, they were guided by the firm conviction that the first duties of the Chosen People were to their God. Isaiah, Jeremiah, Amos, Micah and Ezekiel wrote some of the greatest prose the world has ever known. They thundered dire warnings and reproaches for three centuries, from a few decades before the fall of northern Israel (722 B.C.E.) until a century after the destruction of Jerusalem (586 B.C.E.). They predicted the changing fortune of Assyria , Babylonia and Persia in terms of a Divine plan for the destiny of Israel.

5.The First Restoration (c. 522 BCE)

The destruction of the Temple meant a two fold crisis: not only did the people lost their land, but they believed the Divine Presence-the shekhina had departed from Jerusalem .

Restoration is described in wondrous terms in Isaiah, Ezra and Nehemiah: the people were bidden to rebuild the Temple and recite the Torah to bring back the Divine Presence.

There are wide gaps between events recorded in the Bible. It is told that in 539, Cyrus the Persian won Babylon from Balthazzar at a feast. He then decreed that the Jews might return to Jerusalem the very next year, 42,000 repatriates, led by Zerubabel, embarked on the First Return. In 520, rebuilding of theTemple began; within five years, it was rededicated. Fifty-seven years later, the priest Ezra led the Second Return. He was sent by Artaxerxes I of Persia to look into affairs in Judah in view of a Egyptian rebellion, to strengthen the Persian hold on the province and to instruct its Jews in the Mosaic law. We hear that the Jews tried to fortify Jerusalem once more, but were frustrated by the Samaritans, who were acting on the Persians orders.

Artaxerxes reversed himself, however when he gave his cupbearer Nehemiah permission to travel to Judea and rebuild the walls of Jerusalem ; and, defying local opposition, the walls were raised in 455. Nehemiah governed Judea for 12 years. When he died, internal administration passed to the hereditary High Priests, who served first under the Persians and then, after the invasion of Alexander the Great in 332, under Hellenistic over lordship.

JEWS, GREEKS AND ROMANS

1.The Hasmoneans (166-37 BCE)

After the death of Alexander in 323, the Land of Israel became a focus of hostility between Ptolemy, who ruled in Egypt,and Seleucids, who ruled in Syria ,In 217, the Seleucids, ardent Hellenizers, conquered Judea, Antiochus Epiphanies (c.175-163) demand the worship of Olympian Zeus in the Temple . The people rose in revolt under Mattathias of the village of Modiin , who took to the hills and launched guerrilla warfare. These were the Hasmoeans, whose most brilliant warrior, Judah the Maccabee, triumphed over Antiochus in 164, cleansed the Temple and restored Jewish worship-an event recalled annually in the Feast of Lights, Hanukkah. The Seleucids eventually restored political independence to Judea in 128. Its Hasmonean rulers, first as hereditary High Priests and then as kings, won back boundaries not far short of Davids and Solomons.

2.The House of Herod (c. 37 BCE-4 CE)

The approaching Roman legions under Pompey found Judea plunged into civil war over succession to the throne. Pompey captured Jerusalem , did away with the monarchy and gave the last Hasmonean, Hyrcanus II, limited authority under the Roman governor of Syria .Herod a son of Hyrcanus Idumean adviser persuaded the Second attempt to make him king.

Herod, a cruel but able tyrant, pledged to his loyalty to Rome , but could not win the affection of his subjects. He adorned his kingdom with lavish building: a splendid new Temple in Jerusalem, a great fortress at Herodion, southeast of Jerusalem, the stronghold of Masada overlooking the Dead Sea and -less to Jewish liking-two Hellenistic cities, Caesarea on the coast and Sebaste on the site of the old capital of the northern kingdom, After Herods death in 4 BCE, and for the next half-century, Jewish independence was progressively whittled down.

3.The Revolt (66-73 CE)

Recurrent upheavals, provoked by the spread of Hellenistic and Roman influence, splintered the Jews into clashing factions. The life and teachings of Jesus are part of a national Jewish crisis spanning more than three centuries, from 167 BCE to 135 CE. The principal political/religious groups were the Pharisees, the Sadducees and the Essenes, who differed sharply in their interpretation of tradition. The Pharisees survived all the difficulties with Rome , founding academics for biblical study and, indeed, still surviving in modern Judaism. The Sadducees were Temple aristocracy and not immune to Hellenistic influence. The Essenes turned their backs on the material world and took refuge in strict religious communities; they are believed to be the sect which settled in Qumran , were the Dead Sea Scrolls were written.

Roman dictatorship and the spread of idolatry became intolerable, and the Jews revolted in the last days of Nero. The first rising began in 66-the last ended at Masada in 73. An insurgent party, calling themselves the Zealots (Kanaim), seized Jerusalem in 67, but the Roman Emperor Vespasian overran Galilee .

In the year 70, Titus, the commander of the Roman forces, attacked and destroyed Jerusalem and the Temple, a victory immortalized by a panel inset in the arch named after him in Rome . That year is the traditional beginning of the Jewish Diaspora (world-wide dispersion).

Josephus records that, of a probable Jewish population of three million, more than a million died in the siege of Jerusalem alone. There were countless victims in other parts of Judea , in Galilee and Transjordan and in pogroms in Greek cities. Tens of thousands were sold into slavery. The Jews would not accept defeat from 132 to 135, Simon Bar Kochba led another rising and, for a time, successfully regained Judea and Jerusalem, renewed sacrificial ritual at the site of the Temple and acquired independent statehood. But the outcome was inescapable, given the massive power wielded by the Emperor Hadrian, although he had to summon Julius Severus from Britain and recall 12 legions from the Danube. According to Roman custom, Jerusalem was ploughed up with a yoke of oxen, renamed Colonia Aelia Capitolina and barred to Jewish entry on pain of death. To blot out all ties with Israel , Judea was renamed Syria Palestinia.Thus was Jewish sovereignty interrupted until the proclamation of modern Israel-19 centuries later.

CULTURAL SURVIVAL UNDER FOREIGN RULE

1.The Age of the Talmud (74-312 CE)

The Jews and Judaism outlived their encounter with Rome , although changed in form. Many Jews, impoverished by war, resolutely clung to the Holy Land . Under Antoninus Pius, Judaism was recognized as a legitimate religion and Jews benefited by his decree, which granted citizenship to all free men. New institutions were created to preserve people and faith in their new circumstances. Rabbis, an elite possessing of talent and learning replaced monarch and priest. The synagogue became the hub of each of the scattered congregations, and prayers expressed the longing for redemption. New religious centers at Yavneh and Tiberias inspired a flowering of scholarship. In Yavneh in the year 70- the year of the destruction of Jerusalem and Jewish political independence- Rabbi Yohanan been Zakkai re-established the Sanhedrin, Israel s supreme legislative and judicial body, which continued for several centuries at the hub of Jewish communal life in the Land.

Under the Several emperors, Jewish life flourished. In Tiberias, in the year 210, students of Rabbi

, Chorazin, Baram and elsewhere.

2.The Byzantines (313- 636)

With the Christianization of the empire in 319 under Constantine, the Christians settled in holy places such as Jerusalem and Bethlehem, where they founded magnificent churches on the sites of crucifixion and nativity of Jesus: a multitude of monasteries built in the 4^th, 5^th and 6^th centuries attracted Christian newcomers; other creeds were not tolerated. The Persian invasion in 614 was welcomed and aided by the Jews, inspired as they were by Messianic hopes of deliverance. The Persians handed Jerusalem over to them for three years, and then gave it back to the Christians. In 629, the Byzantines under Heraclius reoccupied the land, restored the Cross to Jerusalem and expelled the Jews.

3.The Arabs (636-1099)

The Arab conquest came shortly after the death of Mohammed in 632. The Arab conquerors granted themselves estates and settled down, but did not alter the Byzantine system of administration. The Arab invaders found Jewish communities in the Negev, south of the Dead Sea, along the shores of the Gulf of Eilat and in Transjordan. By the 11^th century, there were also communities in Gaza, Rafah and El Arish. The Caliph Omar is believed to have allowed 70 Jewish families from Tiberias to settle in Jerusalem. In the 9^th century, the Academy of Israel migrated from Tiberias to Jerusalem; about the same time, a group of Jews from Iraq and Persia settled there.

Until 1009 and the rise of Al-Hakim, the mad Fatimid Caliph, Jews and Christians were protected citizens, legally second-class subjects of the Moslems. Al-Hakims persecution grievously afflicted Jewish centers of learning. By the end of the 11^th century the Jewish population of the Holy Land had dwindled and lost its clear organizational and spiritual features. The Seljuks, a Turkish people who embraced Islam, ended Arab rule when they captured Jerusalem and most of the country in 1091; they held power until the close of the 11^th century. The Egyptian Fatimids kept the coastal plain and even recaptured Jerusalem in 1098, a year before the Crusaders arrived.

4.The Crusaders (1099- 1291)

The crusades were an unhappy episode in the history of the native people in the Land, and particularly for its Jews. The knights of the First Crusade conquered Jerusalem in 1099, establishing the Latin Kingdom, which endure for almost two centuries. Their conquests were bloodied by massacres of Jerusalem, the Jews defended their quarter (where the Moslem quarter stands today), only to be burnt to death in their synagogues or sold into Italian slavery. Godfrey de Bouillon became the first Latin king of Jerusalem and was succeeded by his brother Baldwin. Over the next decade, the capture of the coastal cities Beirut, Sidon , Acre,Arsuf and Caesarea-simplified the intake of supplies and new Christian settlers from Europe.

The laws and customs of France were introduced. In the battle of Hattin in 1187, Saladin the Kurd and his Saracen columns routed the Latin army. The Crusader cities and fortresses, including Jerusalem, surrendered, though a remnant held on in Tyre. Saladin issued a proclamation inviting Jews to come and settle in Jerusalem. The Crusader kings had revived the Byzantine edict that banished Jews from the city.

The second Crusaders to reach the Holy Land were led by Richard Lionheart, who took Acre, but went little further. Saladin died in 1193. The Crusader kingdom expanded, and Beirut fell to it in 1197. The Fourth Crusade made a disastrous attempt to capture Constantinople; the Childrens Crusade was seized and sold into slavery in Egypt. The Military Crusade of kings of Hungary and Austria accomplished little beyond fortification of Caesarea and founding of Atilt (Chateau Pelerines).

The days of the Crusader kingdom were now numbered by the rise of the Mamluks of Egypt. The Crusaders had lost Jerusalem. Judea, Samaria, Tiberias and Ashkelon to Egypt (1244-47). Baybars, the Mamluk general, violently captured their few existing fortresses, the fall of Acre in 1291 wrote an end to Christian domination of the Holy Land -and to the sole non-Jewish era in which Jerusalem was a metropolis. The resurrected Jewish community of the city appears to have been swept away in an invasion by Egypts Asiatic allies, the Kharizmians, in 1244. The attempt by the Spanish-Jewish scholar Nahmanides to revive it as a center of Jewish habitation and learning in 1267 did not outlast his death three years later. The Acre community thrived until 1291.

5.The Mamluks (1291-1516)

Under the Mamluks, the Land became a backwater province of Damascus. Most of Jerusalem was literally abandoned, with no more than 4,000 householders, of whom the 70 Jews were the poorest. Gaza, Ramla and Nablus became the largest towns, their Jewish communities small and poverty-stricken.

Taxation in the Land was crippling, and many of the new settlers had leave-only the poorest had no choice but to stay behind. But, in contrast to Jewish suffering in Christian Europe, Moslem treatment during this period was, on the whole, tolerant, Jewish scholarship was allowed to flourish in Jerusalem; scholars were exempt from taxes. Political and economic upheavals, locust invasions and the earthquakes of 1458 and 1497 darkened the Mamluk decline.

6.The Ottomans (1517-1917)

The four centuries of Ottoman rule began when Selim I turned eastward, conquering first Syria, then Egypt. His son, Suleiman the Magnificent (who rebuilt the walls which still enclose Jerusalem ), established an administrative system of carving up conquered territories into feudal military states (pashaliks). The Land of Israel was divided into four districts: Jerusalem, Nablus, and Safad and attached to Province of Damascus. At the outset of the Ottoman era, there may have been about 1,000 Jewish families in the country, living in Jerusalem, Nablus, Hebron, Gaza, Safad and the villages of Galilee. The community comprised predominantly Sephardim refugees from Spain, but also included Ashkenazi Europeans, the Mogharbis from North Africa and the Mustaarabin, descendants of those Jews who had never left the Land.

Orderly government, until Suleimans death in 1566, brought improvements and stimulated Jewish immigration. Pseudo-Messiahs from Europe became fairly common, prophesying that salvation was at hand. More refugees arrived from Spain, some settling in Jerusalem; most came to Safad where, by the middle of the 16^th century, the Jewish population had risen to about 10,000.

REVIVED JEWISH IMMIGRATION

Although the country was sunk in decay for the next three centuries, interest in the Eastern question was stirring again in the West. In the 16^th century, France had acquired rights of guardianship over the Christian holy places and protection over the Catholics of the empire. The treaty of Karlowitz, in 1699, gave Russia control of the holy places in Jerusalem and the right to protect Orthodox Christians.

Military rising in the 18^th century laid the Turkish empire open to Napoleons advances; he conquered Gaza , Ramla, Lod and Haifa , only to fall back in 1799 from his unsuccessful siege of Acre . The end of the 17^th century was a renewed period of Messianic turmoil in the Diaspora and greater immigration to the Holy Land. The first group, led by Juda Hasid and Hayyim Malak, found 1,200 Jews in Jerusalem. In the second half of the 18the century, Jews from Poland and Lithuania set up centres of Hassidism in Safad and Tiberias, to be followed by disciples of the rival school of Rabbi Elijah, the Gaon of Vilna. By 1800, the Jewish population of the Land had risen to about 10,000; there were 25,000 Christians and 250,000 Sunni Muslims.

The weakness of the Ottoman Empire made the Land vulnerable to the rebellious Pasha of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, and his son Ibrahim, who ruled the country from 1832 to 1841. In that time, centuries of medieval neglect gave way to first signs of Western progress. The European powers were jockeying for positions, often through evangelistic activities and taking over custody of shrines. The Crimean War of 1853 was one by-product of this competition; Muhammad Alis withdrawal from Syria was another.

The Lands rebirth as a traditional crossroads of the world was speeded by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.From 1840, the lot of the Jews slowly improved, and their numbers were substantially increased by immigration from Europe. New villages were being established, but towns of Jerusalem, Hebron and Haifa continued to attract; by 1880, Jerusalem became the largest city and clamed a Jewish majority. Land for farming was purchased in Motza and Petah Tikva; the first agricultural school was founded in Mikveh Israel in 1870; the first Hebrew journals began to appear in 1863 and 1870.The idea of establishing of a Jewish States was proposed in London by Sir Moses Montefiore in 1839. Similar support came from Christian circles in Europe and from influential Englishmen. The stage was being set for the founding of the Zionist Movement and the beginning of modern Zionist development.

The First Aliyah

1. The First Aliya

The revival of modern Jewish national life in the Land began in 1878 with the founding of Petah Tikva, Mother of Jewish Agricultural Settlements, by a group of native Jews from Jerusalem. The movement was expanded in 1882, with the arrival of refugees from the Russian pogroms of 1881 and from the terrible suffering in Romania. The new arrivals, who were later termed the First Aliyah (literally ascent to the Land), and those who followed faced conditions which were harsh in the extreme: the Jewish population was small and dispersed; communication and transportation were imperfect and insecure; the soil itself was in dire neglect.

As early as 1882, a law was enacted forbidding the settlement of East European Jews. Purchases of land were restricted and the construction of building was banned without a special permit, available only in Constantinople. Throughout Ottoman rule, these and similar restraints hampered Jewish land development. But it was not stopped.

2.First Zionist Congress (1897)

In 1897, Theodor Herzi organized the First Zionist Congress, and founded the World Zionist Organization in Basle, Switzerland. The very name of movement focused on the age-old synonym for Jerusalem and the Land of Israel. It expressed the ancient yearning of the Jewish people to return to their Land. Zionism, the Jewish national liberation movement, became the modern response to centuries of discrimination and exclusion. Its aims were twofold: bringing Jews home to the Land of Israel and recreating Jewish national life; and attaining a recognized, legally-secured place of residence for Jews in their historic Homeland. Modern Zionism evolved as the organized political effort and movement of pioneers; the Third Jewish Commonwealth was on the way to realizing those aims.

3.The Second Aliyah (1905)

Thousands of Jews, disillusioned by the abortive Russian Revolution of 1905, made up the second wave of immigration to the Land. The Socialist as well as fervently Zionist, the newcomers vowed to establish a Jewish working class. The first kibbutz, Deganis, was established in 1909 on the south shore of Lake Kinneret, on land purchased by the Keren Kayemet (the Jewish National Fund). Hashomer (The Watchman), the first Jewish self-defense group, was formed and made responsible for the security of the new Jewish villages. Tel Aviv was founded on the dunes north of Jaffa. Life was harsh and many of the newcomers left; but by 1914, there were 85,000 Jews in the Land.

4.World War (1914)

In December 1914, the Turkish government began to deport Jews of foreign nationality. Zionist activity was outlawed the next spring, and Zionist activists were exiled-among them the future national leaders David Ben-Gurion and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi. On December 11, 1917, British General Allenby entered Jerusalem and put an end to four centuries of Ottoman rule over the Holy Land. In Allenbys expeditionary force was the Jewish Legion, consisting of two battalions: the 38^th (London) and the 39^th (American) of the Royal Fusiliers; a third (The First Judeans) was manned by 850 local volunteers. In the final offensive in the spring of 1918, the 38^th and 39^th Battalions fought in the taking of the Jordan bridges and in the advance on Es-Salt.

5.The Balfour Declaration (1917)

The Balfour Declaration, recognizing the historic connection of the Jewish people Palestine, pledged British support for the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. The Allied Government had approved the principles of it. This approval was reinforced at the San Remo Conference of April 1920 and by a resolution of the United States Congress on June 30, 1922. At about the same time, the League of Nations, recognizing the same principles, entrusted Britain with a Mandate which, among other things, called upon that country to facilitate Jewish national home.

6.The Weizmann-Feisal Accord (1919)

The British military administration in Jerusalem showed little sympathy with the Balfour Declaration and withheld its official publication; a Jewish delegation led by Weizmann encountered marked hostility. In their agreement of January 3, 1919, the Balfour Declaration was accepted and Palestine recognized as separate Jewish entity. Sir Herbert Samuel, appointed first British High Commissioner, arrived in Palestine on July 1, 1920. In line with the terms of the Balfour Declaration (later to be incorporated in the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine), Sir Herbert worked to open the way for Jewish immigration and continued development of the Land. At the same time, however, he adopted a policy of appeasement towards the extremist Palestinian Arab minority led by Haj Amin al-Husseini.

The rise of the Mufti to dominance on the Palestinian Arab scene in the early 1920s was a turning point in the course of Jewish- Arab relations in Palestine. It marked the end of any hope of implementing the Feisal-Weizmann Agreement of 1919, and it set the Arab world on a course of uncompromising hostility to the very idea of Jewish statehood, to which, regrettably, much f it adheres to this day.

7.First White Paper (1922)

Yielding to the pressure of large-scale anti-Jewish rioting, Samuel temporarily halted aliyah. His talks with Arab nationalists produced a Colonial Office White Paper in 1922, watering down the promises of the Balfour Declaration and basing Jewish immigration on the economys ability to support new arrivals. However, the White Paper stated that Jews were in Palestine as of right, and not on sufferance. There was to be partly elected Legislative Council of limited powers; representation in it was to be proportional. But, despite their numerical strength, the Arabs would have none of this constitution and it was shelved. The Arab Higher Committee rejected a proposal to establish an Arab Agency similar to the Jewish Agency. The end product was a British colonial regime.

8.The British Mandate (1922-1948)

In July 1922, the League of Nations formally entrusted Britain with a Mandate, which incorporated the Balfour Declaration, recognized the historical connection between the Jewish people and the Land and called upon Britain to smooth the way for the creation of the national home. It was, as stated before, a mandate extending over both banks of the Jordan. The League also provided for the Zionist Organization to set up a Jewish Agency to advise and cooperate with the administration matters affecting the establishment of the Jewish national home and the interest of the Jewish population. A census taken at the end of 1922 put that population at nearly 84,000-about 11 percent of the whole.

9.The Third and Fourth Aliyah (1919-1928)

Between 1919, and 1929, the Jewish population almost tripled, to a total of 160,000. Over 300,000 acres of land had been bought, and a continuous belt of Jewish population, from Metulla in the north to Beer Tuvia in the south, was a beginning of national territory. Hebrew literature, journalism and theater had come into being; the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Haifa technion had opened their doors. The Third Aliyah (1919-1923) was spearheaded by young members of the Hehalutz (Pioneer) movement in Russia , Poland and Galicia , who were quick to join willing hands with the men of the Second Aliyah in founding the Histadut (the General Federation of Jewish working class was coming into being. It also brought reinforcement for the Haganah, the Jewish self-defense unit, organized in 1920 when rioting Arab mobs in Jerusalem and Jaffa made it plain that the Jews could not rely on the British to protect them.

The Fourth Aliyah (1924-1928) was of a different social background: it brought middle-class shopkeepers and artisans, mostly from Poland, where economic restrictions were being applied. It was natural that the majority of the new arrivals should move to the towns, principally Tel Aviv, Haifa and Jerusalem.

10.Inter-Communal Strife

There had been rioting in 1920 and 1921, but the first serious violence was in 1929, triggered by a challenge to Jewish worship at the Western Wall. On the Sabbath Day, August 24, 1929, Arabs murdered 67 Jewish men, women and children in Hebron and destroyed the synagogues. The attack brought an end to a community, which had dwelt in the City of the Patriarchs for 2,000 years. A British parliamentary commission of inquiry recommended that aliyah and land purchases by Jews are limited. In October, a Second White Paper foreshadowed new restrictions on aliyah and land settlement. Although Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald rejected the White Papers extremism under pressure of public and parliamentary indignation, Jewish confidence was badly shaken.

11.The Fifth Aliyah (1933-36)

This was an aliyah of highest importance: 164,267 Jews entered legally; thousands of refugees from Nazi Germany made their way in otherwise. By the spring of 1936, the Yishuv numbered nearly 400,000, which was 30 percent of the total population. In 1931, a national command of the Haganah was set up: it was now a countrywide, but still underground, defense force.

12.Renewal of Arab Attacks.

In April 1936, the Arab Higher Committee, led by the nationalist-extremist Mufti of Jerusalem, proclaimed a general strike, which touched off a new series of attacks against the Jewish community in Palestine. The Committee demanded an instant halt to aliyah and ban on transfers of land to Jews. Under the leadership of the Haganah, the Muftis gangs fortified Jewish villages to ward off attacks. These attacks were to continue intermittently until the outbreak of World War II in 1939. The cost of security was borne by the Yishuv itself, through a voluntary tax. At the same time, the Mufti used the situation to square accounts with his political enemies among the more moderate Palestinian Arabs. As reported in the New York Times on October 15, 1938: Extremist Arab followers of Mufti are rapidly achieving their aims by eliminating political opponents in Palestine who are inclined toward moderation. More then 90 percent of the total casualties in the past few days have been inflicted by Arab terrorists.

The Royal (Peel) Commission made its expected report in mid-1939: it recommended a partition of the Mandated areas west of the Jordan

into an Arab and a Jewish state, with a British enclave. The Yishuv accepted this in principle; the Arabs rejected it. Outrages against the Jews multiplied and escalated. The Mandatory Administration disbanded the Arab Higher Committee, arrested its leaders and exiled them to the remote Seychelles Islands . But the Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, fled to Syria ; during World War II he was to join the Nazis in Berlin , collaborate openly with them and encourages their plan to wipe out the Jews of Europe.

13.The Holocaust

In November 1939, fearful that an unappeased Arab world would join the Axis in the event of war, the Chamberlain government in Britain discarded the Peel partition plan and invited Jewish and Arab leaders to round-table talks. Predictably, nothing came of it. The Arabs refused to negotiate with the Jewish leaders. On May17, 1939, the Colonial Secretary, Malcolm MacDonald, published a new White Paper. Annual aliyah was not to exceed 10,000 for five years; thereafter, its volume, if any, would depend Arab consent. A meager schedule was allowed for May-September1939; for the next six months, so immigration certificates were authorized on the grounds that a large number of immigrants had entered the country secretly.

During World War II (1939-1945), which saw Jewish volunteers form Palestine fighting side by side with British forces against Nazi Germany, the Nazis systematically massacred the Jewish communities of Europe . Men, women and children were herded into death camps and killed in gas chambers. Of 16 million Jews on earth at that time, some six million were exterminated. In May 1942, David Ben-Gurion, Chairman of the Jewish Agency Executive, took part in a conference of American Zionists. They adopted the Biltmore Program, calling for the creation of a Jewish state in the Land of Israel .It embarked upon a national effort of rescue, in the face of the apathy and even obstructionism of Britain and the other Allied powers. When World War II came to an end, the British redoubled their repressive measures against the Yishuv. The nearly 100,000 Jewish survivors of the Nazi Holocaust, denied entry to other countries, sought refuge in Palestine only. The Yishuv now set itself two primary objectives: to bring the Jewish refugees to the Land of Israel and to rid the country of British rule so as to achieve independence in the Jewish homeland. The largest resistance organization was the Hagan. The Irgun Zeval Leumi (National Military Organization) and the Lohamel Herut Israel (Israel Freedom Fighters) acted independently against the British in this struggle for liberation. With the outbreak of Israel s War of Independence, following the Arab attack on Israel in1948, the three underground organizations set aside their differences and joined ranks to form the Israel Defense Forces.

NATIONHOOD REGAINED

1.The War of Independence (1947-49)

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly, by more than the required two-thirds majority, approved the recommendation of a special committee that Palestine be partitioned into independent Jewish and Arab states, unified economically and that Jerusalem, be internationalized. The United States and the Soviet Union voted in favour. On December 17, the Arabs infiltrated from Syria , Lebanon and Egypt to step up local attacks on the Yishuv. British authorities set up military bases and delivered equipment to the Arabs. On May 14,1948 , the day before British rule ended, the Peoples Council, representing all parties and sections of the Yishuv, met in the old Tel Aviv Museum , proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel and approved the formation of a provisional government. Next morning the Jewish State was invaded by the regular armies of Egypt , Transjordan, Iraq , Syria , Lebanon and contingents from Saudi Arabia . The USSR and US. Condemned the invasion.

In their advance, the Egyptians reached a point 18 miles south of Tel Aviv. British officers led Transjordanian and the other Arab forces in a prolonged siege of Jerusalem .The Iraqis crossed the coastal plan to a point nine miles from the sea, and threatened to split Israel in two. The Syrians advanced westward into Upper Galilee,Israel , with a population of only 650,000 and a poorly equipped citizen army, drove the invaders back at the cost of the heavy casualties: more than 6,000 Israelis (nearly 1% of the total population) were killed in the fighting. During 1949, armistice agreements were signed between Israel and Egypt , Jordan , Lebanon and Syria .In each, the stated purpose was to facilitate the transition from the present truce to permanent peace. The armistice lines remained Israel s borders in force until June 1967 but were never turned into full-fledged borders. The Arabs refused all negotiations.

2.Organization of the State

Elections for a 120-seat national assembly in the new democratic, parliamentary, sovereign state were held on January 25, 1949. Almost 85 percent of the electorate went to the poll. The results, based on proportional representation, showed a considerable degree of political continuity, with Mapai, the Israel Labor Party, winning 46 seats. (The Arab Party, the Nazareth Democratic list, won two; other Israeli Arab ballots went to Jewish lists, especially Mapai and the Communists). The parliament met in Jerusalem, the capital, on February 16. They passed a Transition Law outlining the functions and procedures of the single-chamber legislature, rules governing the election and powers of the President (limited and mainly ceremonial), and the structure of the Government and its relation to the Knesset (parliament). Weizmann was installed under the premiership of David Ben-Gurion.

The Knesset did not draft a formal constitution; it was found preferable to enact separate Basic Laws, which would ultimately be consolidated to form a constitution. On May 11, 1949, Israel was admitted to membership in the United Nations.

3. The Ingathering of the Exiles

The right of every Jew to live in Israel was recognized as a fundamental principle of the Jewish State. As expressed in the Law of Return (1950) it grants free and automatic citizenship to every Jewish newcomer who wants it. Non-Jews may obtain citizenship under the terms of Nationality Law (1952). The end of 1951 had doubled the Yishuv doubled by over 754,000 arrivals, half of them refugees from Moslem Arab lands. Many had to be housed at first in maabarot-transit camps. Living was hard, jobs were scarce and many people survived on welfare grants or subsistence wages from public works projects. Agricultural pioneering, one of the great ideals of Zionism, became a paramount necessity. Many of the newcomers chose the cooperative moshav over the collective kibbutz. An early measure of the Knessets priorities was the Compulsory Education Law; another ordained a 47-hour workweek, a weekly rest day and 14 days paid holiday a year. In 1951, equal rights for women were made. In July 1953, the pre-state trend school system (General and Religious) schools, both under the control of the Ministry of Education and Culture.

The World Zionist Organization Status Law of 1952 recognized the Jewish Agency as the authorized agency, which will continue to operate in the State of Israel for the development and settlement of the country, the absorption of immigrants from the Diaspora, and coordination of the activities in Israel of Jewish institutions and organizations active in those fields. At the end of that year, an agreement was signed with the Federal Republic of Germany for the partial repayment of material losses suffered by the Jews under the Nazi regime; payments would be to individuals and to the State of Israel as the representative of Jewry. In November 1952, President Weizmann died; Yitzhak Ben-Zvi succeeded him. In December 1953, Ben-Gurion resigned the premiership and Moshe Sharett became Prime Minister.

4.Terrorism and War (1952-56)

Towards the mid-fifties, Israels security position took on a growingly serious aspect. Terrorist invasions from the Gaza District and Sinai were multiplying. In February 1955, Ben-Gurion again took the Defense portfolio and in November, after elections to the Third Knesset and with the Soviet-Egyptian deal now public knowledge, Ben-Gurion became Prime Minister once more, and Sharett Foreign Minister. Golda Meir succeeded Sharett in 1956.Throughout 1955; the Soviet Union supplied a massive war arsenal to Egypt and Syria. Egyptian-trained saboteurs, fidayun, were increasingly active whilst Egypt maintained a blockade of Israels southern waters in the Gulf of Eliat. Only July 26, 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal. On October 15 it ignored a UN Security Council all for free and open passage through it.

Israel was concerned with the mounting attacks by the fidayun and the threat of a unified Egyptian, Syrian and Jordanian offensive; the leadership felt it was essential to act. In a swift thrust, lasting from October 29 to November 5, 1956, Israel wiped out the fidayun bases in the Gaza District and swept through the Sinai Peninsula.The nationalization of the Canal also moved the French and British to act; but the combined Anglo-French military operation in the Canal Zone failed in its objective. Early in 1957, Israel agreed to withdraw in exchange for certain Great Power arrangements and promises. A United Nations Emergency Force was set up as a buffer between Egypt and Israel. Israel was assured the Egyptians forces would not return to the Gaza District. They were back on the day after Israeli troops withdrew. Israel was promised the Canal would be open for goods transported to and from Israel, but the promise remained an empty one. The United States and 14 other maritime nations did publicly acknowledge Israels right of free passage through the Gulf of Eilat.

or the Gulf of Eilat would be considered an act of war; in the Knesset, emphasis was put on the right of national self-defense guaranteed by Article 51 of the United Nations Charter.

5.Internal Issues

Israel had entered upon a period of rapid economic and agricultural progress; the hardships of the early years became a memory. In a population of over two million, nine out of every ten were Jews. Absorption and integration of aliyah were not perfect, but newcomers started to find their way in society and politics. Israel was their national home; they learned Hebrew in ulpanim-special, intensive language courses. However, some groups had difficulty adjusting. Jews from North African and Middle Eastern countries felt that the gap kin status, scholastic performance and social conditions between themselves and European Jews was due, not so much to objective factors, but to class discrimination. In point of fact, the Government has, throughout, devoted a large part of the countrys limited resources to narrowing that gap. The most promising efforts in the long run - though also the least visible in the short-run have been undertaken in the field of education. The learning process is being eased for children of Middle Eastern families through measures such as: integrated schooling, graded tuition fees, longer school hours, coaching sessions, free nurseries and kindergartens and the like.

Religion has played two different roles in Israels national life. As a major common feature of the diverse elements that make up the countrys population today, it has had a unifying effect. But the emergence of legal and administrative controversies in religious matters, especially when accompanied by extremism and intolerance, has caused friction and resentment from time to time. Military Government in Arab-inhabited areas of Israel was gradually whittled down as security improved until, on December 1, 1966, it was abolished altogether. In 1950, the Government appointed a custodian of the property abandoned by Arabs who fled Israel; some of the land was used to settle Jewish refugees and establish new towns. The Land Acquisition Law corrected flaws in the system in 1953; by 1965, the Government had restored, exchanged or paid compensation for the holdings of two-thirds of the claimants.

6.The Eichmann Trial (1961)

On May 23, 1960 the Prime Minister announced in the Knesset that Karl Adolf Eichmann, who organized the Nazi extermination program while he was directing Sub-Department IV 4b of the Reich Security Division, SS, had been brought to Israel to stand trial under the 1950 Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law. His trial began in Jerusalem on April 11, 1961. Eichmann was found guilty of crimes against humanity and the Jewish people and sentenced to death. On May 31, 1962, after his appeal to the Supreme Court was rejected, he was hanged. It was the first and only time the death penalty was carried out under Israeli Law. In 1963, Ben-Gurion resigned office and was succeeded by the Minister of Finance, Levi Eshkol.Shortly before the 1965 Knesset elections; Ben-Gurion, Moshe Dyan and Shimon Peres quit the Labor Party and formed a party (Rafi) of their own.

7.The Six-Day War (1967)

In the wake of summit conferences in Cairo and Alexandria in January and September 1964 the Arab States decided to intensify the struggle against Israel by diverting the headwater of the Jordan, and so deprive Israel of her life-giving waters.

In January 1965, a new Palestinian Arab terrorist organization, al-Fatah, began to strike from bases in Syria, Lebanon and Jordan. In February 1996, revolution broke out in Syria; the left wing of the Baath Party, actively backed by the USSR, seized power and proclaimed a peoples war of liberation against Israel. Syrian artillery, entrenched on the Golan Heights, stepped up its shelling of Israeli villages in the valley below. In May 1967 Radio Moscow accused Israel of massing troops near the Syrian border; denials by United Nations observers went unheeded. Meanwhile, Nasser was concentrating the bulk of his army in Sinai; at his demand, the United Nations Emergency Force was withdrawn on May 16,1967. A week later, he announced that the Straits of Tiran were barred to all shipping to and from Israel . The armies of Jordan , Iraq and Syria began to mobilize against Israel . On May 30, Jordan s King Hussein ignoring an eleventh-hour offer of neutrality from Prime Minister Eshkol placed his forces under Egyptian control.

On June 1 Moshe Dayan joined the Cabinet as Defense Minister, and Menahem Begin, the Herut leader, and Yosef Sapir, the Liberal leader, became Ministers without portfolio in Government of National Unity. For three weeks, Israel had worked and hoped for international action to stop the escalating Arab attacks. But on the morning of June 5, convinced now that its hopes were in vain and it must save itself, Israel struck at the airfields of Egypt and held the skies without challenge. The Southern Command moved against the Egyptian forces on Israel s southwestern border. King Hussein chose to open fire all along the armistice line and to bombard Jerusalem . Fighting on the southern and central fronts was ended quickly; Israel then launched a successful air and ground attack on the Syrian fortifications on the Golan Heights . By weeks end, the Israel Defense Forces held the Gaza District, the Sinai Peninsula , Judea , Samaria and the Golan Heights .The Straits of Tiran were open to navigation again. Jerusalem was a reunified capital once more.

In August 1967, the Arab states held a summit meeting in Khartoum, Sudan , where they formulated the three nos-no peace, no negotiation and no recognition of Israel . They persisted in this policy, even after the United Nations Security Council, on November 22, 1967 , adopted Resolution 242, which aimed at the establishment of a just and lasting peace, in which every state in the area can live in security. The resolution called for secure and recognized boundaries for every state in the area. It also sought withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict. The use of territories by the drafters of the text rather than the territories was intentional. The post-war Arab rearmament effort ended in the Arab-launched War of Attrition, from April 1969 to August 1970. During this period, the Egyptians started more than 9,000-armed clashes on the

8.The Yom Kippur War (1973)

The quiet on the Egyptian front lasted for three years until October 6, 1973 , Yom Kippur. Then, on the holiest day of the Jewish year, Egypt and Syria launched a coordinated attach on the Suez and Golan fronts. Taking Israel by surprise, the Arab armies advanced across the Suez Canal and cut into the Golan Heights . During the first three days of the war, the small Israeli forces on both fronts, out manned 12-to-one, displayed exceptional bravery, holding up the invasion until the reserves were mobilized. In a series of brilliant military actions, Israel ended up pushing back the aggressors and putting them on the defensive.

At the United Nations, the Security Council adopted Resolution 338, which called for an immediate cease-fire, the implementation of Resolution 242 and explicitly required negotiations between the parties. Subsequently, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger negotiated two agreements: one between Israel-Egypt and one between Israel and Syria ; all pacts involved Israeli withdrawals from territory captured in the Suez area and the Golan fronts. Taking Israel by surprise, the Arab armies advanced across the Suez Canal and into the Golan Heights.

9.The New Government

In May 1977, a new government was elected in Israel . The Likud Party, headed by Menechem Begin, became the largest party in Knesset, and on June 20, 1977 , Begins government gained the confidence of Knesset. In its guidelines, the new government announced its readiness to take par in the Geneva Conference, its willingness to conduct direct negotiations towards the signing of a peace treaty, without prior conditions, preparedness to honor international agreements signed by previous governments and, above all, stated that it placed the aspiration for peace at the forefront of its concerns, pledging to strive actively and constantly to achieve permanent peace in the region.

10.The Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty

The first major step on the road to the fulfillment of this pledge of peace was taken on March 26, 1979 in Washington, D.C. , with the signing of a peace treaty between the State of Israel and the Arab Republic of Egypt-the first such treaty ever between Israel and an Arab State . This hard-won pact had been preceded by Egyptian President Anwar Sadats historic visit to Jerusalem in November 1977, and by a series of negotiations in which the United States and President Jimmy Carter personally played an active and vital role. The Treaty ends the three-decade-long state of war between Egypt and Israel

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Gen 1:1 At the first God made the heaven and the earth.

Gen 1:2 And the earth was waste and without form; and it was dark on the face of the deep: and the Spirit of God was moving on the face of the waters.

Gen 1:3 And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.

Gen 1:4 And God, looking on the light, saw that it was good: and God made a division between the light and the dark,

Gen 1:5 Naming the light, Day, and the dark, Night. And there was evening and there was morning, the first day.

Gen 1:6 And God said, Let there be a solid arch stretching over the waters, parting the waters from the waters.

Gen 1:7 And God made the arch for a division between the waters which were under the arch and those which were over it: and it was so.

Gen 1:8 And God gave the arch the name of Heaven. And there was evening and there was morning, the second day.

Gen 1:9 And God said, Let the waters under the heaven come together in one place, and let the dry land be seen: and it was so.

Gen 1:10 And God gave the dry land the name of Earth; and the waters together in their place were named Seas: and God saw that it was good.

Gen 1:11 And God said, Let grass come up on the earth, and plants producing seed, and fruit-trees giving fruit, in which is their seed, after their sort: and it was so.

Gen 1:12 And grass came up on the earth, and every plant producing seed of its sort, and every tree producing fruit, in which is its seed, of its sort: and God saw that it was good.

Gen 1:13 And there was evening and there was morning, the third day.

Gen 1:14 And God said, Let there be lights in the arch of heaven, for a division between the day and the night, and let them be for signs, and for marking the changes of the year, and for days and for years:

Gen 1:15 And let them be for lights in the arch of heaven to give light on the earth: and it was so.

Gen 1:16 And God made the two great lights: the greater light to be the ruler of the day, and the smaller light to be the ruler of the night: and he made the stars.

Gen 1:17 And God put them in the arch of heaven, to give light on the earth;

Gen 1:18 To have rule over the day and the night, and for a division between the light and the dark: and God saw that it was good.

Gen 1:19 And there was evening and there was morning, the fourth day.

Gen 1:20 And God said, Let the waters be full of living things, and let birds be in flight over the earth under the arch of heaven.

Gen 1:21 And God made great sea-beasts, and every sort of living and moving thing with which the waters were full, and every sort of winged bird: and God saw that it was good.

Gen 1:22 And God gave them his blessing, saying, Be fertile and have increase, making all the waters of the seas full, and let the birds be increased in the earth.

Gen 1:23 And there was evening and there was morning, the fifth day.

Gen 1:24 And God said, Let the earth give birth to all sorts of living things, cattle and all things moving on the earth, and beasts of the earth after their sort: and it was so.

Gen 1:25 And God made the beast of the earth after its sort, and the cattle after their sort, and everything moving on the face of the earth after its sort: and God saw that it was good.

Gen 1:26 And God said, Let us make man in our image, like us: and let him have rule over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over the cattle and over all the earth and over every living thing which goes flat on the earth.

Gen 1:27 And God made man in his image, in the image of God he made him: male and female he made them.

Gen 1:28 And God gave them his blessing and said to them, Be fertile and have increase, and make the earth full and be masters of it; be rulers over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over every living thing moving on the earth.

Gen 1:29 And God said, See, I have given you every plant producing seed, on the face of all the earth, and every tree which has fruit producing seed: they will be for your food:

Gen 1:30 And to every beast of the earth and to every bird of the air and every living thing moving on the face of the earth I have given every green plant for food: and it was so.

Gen 1:31 And God saw everything which he had made and it was very good. And there was evening and there was morning, the sixth day.

யேசு நிஜவாதம

When anyone is in Christ he is a new creation. Old things are gone. All things become new.